Restrictions and seasonal attractions of the area can lead to confusion and perhaps cut the tourists from the region, the season of the visit is inappropriate. Therefore, it is necessary, suitable tourism zone is specified for each season. In this study to determine the suitable zone for tourism in the four seasons, the two models have been used bioclimatic (TCI) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). bioclimatic model (TCI), 7 of climatic parameters for climatic conditions, is used.: Average monthly rainfall, average temperature, average relative humidity, Maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity, mean daily sunshine hours and wind speed While the hierarchical analysis, we tried to consider the impact of climate indicators Attractions in every season. Finally, by comparing model output with reality in the region, was determined Analysis of the hierarchical model, suggest that the actual zones more than bioclimatic model, for tourists.

Introduction: Ethical leadership is leadership focused on appropriate behavior through respect for ethics and values, as well as the rights and dignity of others. Ethical leadership can add value to businesses by motivating employees and fulfilling company values. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between ethical leadership and cooperative social responsibility and the moral climate of the organization. Material & Methods: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this research included all employees of Management and Science University (MSU) in Malaysia. Among them, 200 people were selected as the research sample using a simple random sampling method. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling method. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that ethical leadership has a direct and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility and ethical climate. Also, moral climate has a direct and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility. At the same time, ethical leadership has an indirect and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility through the mediation of ethical climate. Conclusion: Ethical leadership can affect their social responsibility by inspiring employees to motivate and align with the company's values. The results of this research showed that ethical leadership leads to greater employee satisfaction and collaborative responsibility and leads to the formation of an ethical atmosphere in the organization

One of the most important problems in geotechnical projects is how to predict unstable areas. There are several methods to hazard potential delineation, generally include direct and indirect methods. In general, for some geotechnical problems, the hazard potential can be expressed by the terms of "very high, high, moderate, low, and very low". The evaluation using these terms as a qualitative assessment, enables the preparation of susceptibility maps at low cost for purposes such as land-use planning or regional risk assessment. This paper presents the investigation results of liquefaction zonation in Lorestan Province. This zonation is based on Forth Technical Committee manual for zonation on seismic geotechnical hazards (TC4). Three grades of approach to zonation can be used related to scale of mapping: Grade 1 or general zonation which is based on compilation and interpretation of existing information available from historic documents, published reports and other available databases, mapping in the range 1:1000,000 to 1:50,000. Grade 2 or detailed zonation, mapping to scales of about 1:100,000 to 1: 10,000, based on improving the Grade 1 zonation maps at moderate cost by making use of additional data such as aerial photographs or additional field studies. Grade 3 or rigorous zonation, which is a very detailed level of zonation, mapping in scales of 1:25,000 to 1:5,000. In this paper, Lorestan Province Liquefaction Potential is evaluated bases on Grade 1 and Grade 2 methods and mapped in scale of 1:250,000. Results of this zonation shows that the potential of seismic hazsrds of alluviums in this region varies from low to high, related to soil structure, level of ground water and Soil density.

Designation of protected areas is the most important action in conservation of biodiversity. Previous Ad hoc methods and focusing on charismatic species resulted in unrepresentative networks of protected areas. To compensate this problem systematic conservation planning is introduced and applied. Nearly, 10 percent of Iran is designated as protected areas that should be added up to 17% until 2020, as suggested by UNEP. Therefore, we applied Zonation conservation prioritization algorithm to introduce new high priority areas to be added to the current network. We chose 36 endemic and globally threatened enlisted in IUCN red list mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians as surrogate species. We developed maximum entropy modeling on surrogates to develop habitat suitability models. Zonation approach was applied with all of the three cell removal rules of additive benefit function (ABF), core area zonation (CAZ) and Target based planning (TBP). The current area network was included in all the rules. Selection of the 20% of country area with highest conservation rank based on each rule lead to increase of species habitat conservation by an average of 16%. The ABF is the most efficient rule with conservation of 34. 98% of surrogate habitats on average in comparison with CAZ (28. 74%) and TBP (31. 1%).

ABSTRACT Today, climate change and its obvious negative effects on ecosystems have caused concern. This research seeks to test whether vegetation changes are sensitive to climate shocks and also how the ecosystem recovery process is through this index. In this regard, by using the GEE platform, Java coding, GIS and statistical analysis, vegetation and Palmer indices were calculated and based on time series climate data, vegetation and climate changes were presented. The results of Palmer's drought index show that during the statistical period (1985-2020) the study area is facing drought or is moving towards drought. Also, the results indicate the longest period of drought in the region from 2013 to 2020. Totaly from 420 evaluated months, the NDVI index is below the change threshold in 70 months. Among these, 31 months of the study period is below the acceptable threshold in green and non-reservoir seasons, which is ecologically worrying. The distribution of the vegetation index based on hexagons in 1985 and 2005 had a normal and almost normal distribution; But in 2020, the graph deviated from the normal state and skewed towards the vegetation cover index under stress or even thin covers. According to the analysis of the indicators, it is predicted that the Gorgan region is on the border of such ecological developments and the historical ecosystem of the region is moving towards new ecosystems or being in a new equilibrium state with climatic conditions and human disturbances Extended Abstract Introduction Today, climate change and its obvious negative effects on terrestrial ecosystems have caused great concern to humans. These changes are effective on vegetation performance, plant distribution patterns, and have economic and environmental consequences. Therefore, it is important to know the behavioral pattern of vegetation changes against climate changes. Reviewing the studies of scientists in the world shows many researchers have used the NDVI index to study temporal and spatial changes in vegetation and its relationship with the climatic index of precipitation in different parts of the world. Studies have shown that NDVI follows precipitation with different time scales. Surveys showed that there are very few studies on determining the threshold of changes in the vegetation cover index in the face of climate shocks. Determining these thresholds can provide a suitable solution for evaluating the state of the ecosystem, the consequences of climate shocks and the reversibility or disturbance in the ecosystem. This study was conducted with the aim of improving our understanding of the dynamics of vegetation in the forest city of Gorgan during 1985-2020 against climatic stresses.   Methodology The current research is a comparative and monitoring research and seeks to test whether changes in vegetation cover are sensitive to climate shocks and also how the ecosystem recovery process is through this index. To achieve the gole, first, NDVI index was selected among the optimal vegetation indices and its calculation process was done as a time series in the GEE system. In parallel with those climate shocks, the main elements including temperature, precipitation and storm were calculated during the historical process of 35 years and the average and standard deviation statistical indicators were calculated for them and the trend of changes in the thresholds was determined. The results of climate plots and climate changes show that in the years before 1985, 2005 and 2020, drastic changes have occurred in climatic elements and climatic factors. Therefore, these years can be considered as the periods when the climate shock happened.. Next, the region was divided into 436 hexagons and the NDVI index for each of the hexagons was calculated and modeled for the years 1985, 2005 and 2020 as selected years affected by climate shocks. In conclusion, to analyze the trend of changes in the time series of the vegetation index and compare the behavior of its changes with climatic indices, the Palmer index was calculated.   Results and discussion The results of climate change monitoring based on the Palmer index showed that during the statistical period the study area is facing drought in most years. The most severe climatic fluctuations and drought in the region were recorded in 2018 and in the months of October to December. The longest period of drought has also prevailed in the region from 2013 to 2020. During this period, rainfall, temperature and storm fluctuations have the most changes. The results of drought monitoring show that in 270 months, the region is facing climatic drought stress, 57 months of the study period, the region is facing severe and very severe drought stress. The results of the time series of the NDVI vegetation index showed that, out of the 420 evaluated months, 70 months of the year the NDVI index is below the change threshold, 31 of which are in the green and non-accumulating seasons, the seasons when the vegetation is expected to be at its maximum. Placing below the acceptable range means crossing the ecological thresholds and challenges the recovery and restoration of the ecosystem, also the ecological performance will be affected at this point. Based on the assessment of the Palmer index, from 2014 to 2019, the situation of the Palmer index is in the extreme drought range. Also, since 2015, i.e. with a one-year time delay, NDVI index has experienced the lower limit of the equilibrium threshold of vegetation cover. These conditions are also valid for the years 2008, 2009, 2002 and 1997. In general, it can be said that the vegetation cover index is dependent on climatic changes and fluctuations and shows high sensitivity to changes. The important point in this section is that in the years when the NDVI index changes are at the lower limit of the threshold, we witness the most climate shocks and temperature changes, the occurrence of severe storms and precipitation fluctuations. The distribution of the vegetation index based on hexagons in 1985 and 2005 have a normal distribution; but in 2020, the graph has deviated from the normal state and skewed towards the vegetation cover index under stress or even thin covers. The visual interpretation done on the vegetation cover index in 1985 confirms the condition of the vegetation cover in the southern and western limits of the region in a state with suitable dense and pasture vegetation and forest cover on the edges. However, in 2005 and 2020, this cover has been changed and mainly turned into agricultural land and poor rangeland. In such a way that in 2020, the situation of the region has revealed the critical state of vegetation. The vegetation cover index in the central areas of the city has also reached from a relatively favorable situation in 1985 to a critical situation with almost no dense and stress-free vegetation cover in 2020. The results of the present studies are consistent with the studies of Visentr Serrano et al. in 2013 and confirm the relationship between NDVI vegetation and climate change. In addition, the results of the studies are consistent with the studies of Alwesabi 2012, Xiai & Moody, 2005 and Yan et al. 2001. In such a way that the present study and the aforementioned studies all confirm the influence of the vegetation index on climate fluctuations and precipitation with a one-year time difference.       Conclusion In general, the threshold is defined as a border with different conditions. After crossing the thresholds, the stability and positioning of the NDVI in the equilibrium range is often difficult, and the ecosystem is constantly spending energy to restore itself or to position itself in a new stability state. The result of the mentioned disorders is the reduction of resilience and resistance in the region, which leads the ecosystem to alternative states or crossing the threshold or being in a new equilibrium state. The results showed that the areas where green vegetation is concentrated and denser are less affected by climatic stresses and show more resilience. However, the areas that have become spots and islands due to destruction in the urban areas are more affected by climatic stress and destruction and show less tolerance against the destruction factors. The results help managers to focus their management plans for the preservation and maintenance of urban green spaces as well as forest and pasture ecotones on the edge of the city by knowing the thresholds.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Preparation of Iso-Velocity and Iso-Depth maps for different shear wave velocities in Tehrans alluvium is the main subject of this paper. In this regard, data obtained through geoseismic and geotechnical investigations was used. The collected geotechnical data of about 1000 boreholes including results of 26 new drilled boreholes are considered and combined with the results of 95 refraction surveys and 9 down hole surveys in the studied area. Furthermore the combination of geoseismic surveys, collected geotechnical data and in-situ measurements in drilled boreholes are used to propose a new classification of Tehrans soils based on shear wave velocity and N(SPT). A comparison also is made between results of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) in drilled boreholes and shear wave velocities obtained from geoseismic surveys. The new correlations established between N (SPT) and shear wave velocity for different types of fine-grained soils in south of Tehran are proposed.

Earthquake hazard of the Makran subduction zone have been studied as a part of national and/or small-scale earthquake hazard maps. Due to the ever-rising strategic and economic importance of Makran, calculation of a reliable seismic hazard map of Makran has already become a necessity. Seismic zonation is the most important step in any seismic hazard analysis. This paper uses a seismotectonic approach to present a relaible seismotectonic zonation for Makran where the earthquake catalogs show very low level of seismicity. The sparsity of the observed earthquakes is compensated by geophysical, geological, and geodetic data and also the assumption of similarity and analogy of tectonic zones. Recently, extensive geological, seismological and geodetical field studies have been conducted in Makran. Using the new information about segmentation of Makran megathrust, geometry and dip of the subducting plate, crustal structure of the wide accretionary prism, Jaz Murian and Mashkal Depression, improved seismicity and GPs velocity vectors, Makran and its surroundings were divided into 14 seismic zones. To take into account the Makran subducting plate, three-dimensional seismic zones are defined in different depth ranges. For example, normal earthquakes with intermediate-depth focal depth (40-75 km) are related to bending of the subducting oceanic lithosphere and megathrust earthquakes are related to the Makran megathrust zone lying in the depth range of 20-40 km. One seismic zone at depth range of 40-75 km is considered to represent the seismic hazard arising from the intermediate-depth earthquakes. The southern younger part of Makran megathrust zone is divided into two eastern and western zones where the western part has a much smaller locking ratio than the eastern part. The northern and older part of the wide accretionary prism of Makran is considered as a separate sesismic zone because it is consisted of very thick high seismic-velocity sedimentary cover. The eastern and western ends of Makran are regions with large rate of geodetic strain accomodated by almost N-S left-lateral strike-slip motion on the Chaman and right-lateral strike-slip motion on the Minab-Zendan-Palami fault systems, respectively. The transfer zones are represented by two seismic zones. Two seismic zones are related to aseismic Jaz Murian and Mashkel depressions. Lut block and Helmand blocks, and Sistan Suture Zone acts a backstop of Makran accretionary wedge. Three separate seismic zones are considered to account for different kinematics and crustal structure of the Lut and Helmand blocks, and Sistan Suture Zone. Due to the large observed geodetic strain rate, the new seismic zonation would predict the highest seismic hazard in Minab-Zendan-Palami and Ornachnal-Chaman zones. Due to much larger locking ratio, the earthquake and tsunami hazard in eastern Makran would be much higher than that of western Makran. Iranshahr is expected to have large seismic hazard level because it is located at the intersection of N-S trending fault system along the western edge of Sistan Suture Zone and the E-W trending fault system south of Jaz Murian Depression and additionally located on top of the seismic zone responsible for production of the intermediate-depth earthquakes.

Identification of Regions Having Potential for Landslide Occurrence is One of The Basic Measures in Natural Resources Management. Different Landslide Hazard Zonation Models are Proposed Based on The Environmental Condition and Goals. Nowadays in Countries Involved With Landslide Problem, There is an Increase Trend to Evaluation and Zonation of Risk and dDamage of This Phenomena. Existing Landslides As Earth Evidence Was Identified and Landslide Inventory Map Was Provided. Factors Layers As Geology, Slope, Aspect, Distance From River, Istance From Road, Distance From Fault, Land Use, Rain and Elevation in Arc-GIS Software Was Provided. The Landslide Hazard Zonation Maps are Based on The Information Value, Certainty Factors and Multiple Regressinon Models in Arc-GIS Environment Provided. The Level of Similarity Potential Hazard Figures of These Models Were Compared With The Landslide Inventory Map in The SPSS Environments. Results of Research Showed That There are a Significant Correlation between the Potential Hazard Figures with the Area of Landslides in Three Models. The Multiple Regression Model Have Hieghest Correlation in This Watershed So Multiple Regression Modl is The Best Model for Application in The Bagh Dasht Watershed.